秸秆“富集深还”新模式及工程技术

针对长期浅耕造成的土壤亚表层缺乏有机质和过于紧实以及目前秸秆还田成本高或效果差的实际问题,提出了一种简单而有效的快速松土培肥的秸秆还田新模式及相应机具创新和田间工程技术。该技术模式是基于优先快速培肥土壤亚表层的新理念,在条带轮耕深松土壤的同时,将秸秆富集深埋于指定条带的土壤亚表层。将这种秸秆还田新模式称为秸秆富集深埋还田(简称"富集深还"),其主要工程技术是发明研制了秸秆深还筒式犁新机具,通过机械化手段将秸秆富集、粉碎、埋入土壤。具体步骤包括:(1)用指盘式搂草机将玉米秸秆按4∶1~8∶1富集归行;(2)用秸秆还田筒式犁一体机将秸秆粉碎、风力注入指定条带土壤20~40 cm;(3)用免耕播种机在非埋秸秆条带正常免耕播种,实现种还分离,即种植条带(窄行)与埋秸秆条带(宽行)分离。该模式具有秸秆翻压还田与覆盖还田的优点,而克服二者各自的缺点,是秸秆还田与条带少免耕的完美结合,能够实现玉米秸秆连年、机械化全量还田,且不打乱土层顺序、不影响第二年种植。秸秆富集深埋还田,理念新颖,技术可行,对土壤尤其是亚表层有很好的培肥效果。有助于彻底解决秸秆还田成本高或效果差的瓶颈问题,为旱田秸秆田间处理与深厚肥沃耕层构建提供切实可行的机械化工程手段。     

秸秆旋埋还田后空间分布效果仿真与试验

对传统旋耕机(TR)、秸秆旋埋还田机(SR)和深松+秸秆旋埋还田机(SSR)进行了秸秆还田离散元仿真和田间试验对比。通过设计的秸秆三维坐标测量装置对秸秆在土壤中的空间坐标进行了测量,并在三维绘图软件中还原了秸秆在土壤中的空间状态,及秸秆在三维图中量化及可视化显示。对取样立方体进行分层、横向及纵向划分等探究了秸秆在土壤中垂直分布及水平分布的均匀性。利用离散元软件建立了相应的仿真模型,并与田间试验设定了相同的作业参数,在仿真作业完成后,通过设置不同尺寸的Geometry Bin计算区域内秸秆数量,并分别对应实际田间作业的分层、横向和纵向划分。在分层处理中,仿真与实测结果表明,SR和SSR埋入土壤中的秸秆量都明显大于TR,尤其是埋入土壤下层的秸秆量均是TR的数倍。TR、SR和SSR作业后各层秸秆占比仿真值和实测值的变异系数均呈递减趋势,其中SSR的变异系数最小,分别为28. 8%和28. 7%。3种耕作装备下仿真值与实测值的变异系数相差不大,平均误差为9. 6%。横向和纵向划分中,TR、SR和SSR的各区域秸秆占比仿真值和实测值的变异系数无绝对规律,SSR的变异系数均最小。离散元仿真和田间试验结果表明,SSR秸秆还田后,秸秆在土壤中垂直分布和水平分布的均匀性均最优。离散元仿真较好地拟合了实际田间作业后秸秆的空间分布状态,相对误差在可接受范围内。     

稻田不同供钾能力条件下秸秆还田替代钾肥效果

【目的】研究稻田不同土壤供钾能力条件下,秸秆还田配施钾肥对水稻产量、地上部钾素累积量以及钾肥利用率的影响,为秸秆还田水稻钾肥合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】2011-2012年在鄂中、江汉平原和鄂东地区的10个县（市）选择不同供钾水平田块布置水稻试验。根据湖北省第二次土壤普查制定的速效钾分级标准,本文将土壤速效钾含量＞150 mg•kg-1的试验点如钟祥和宜城归为高钾供应能力土壤（1级水平）,简称为高钾土壤,标记为High-K;土壤速效钾含量100-150 mg•kg-1的试验点如团风、仙桃、洪湖和枝江归为中钾供应能力土壤（2级水平）,简称为中钾土壤,标记为Middle-K;土壤速效钾含量＜100 mg•kg-1的试验点如麻城、广水、鄂州和蕲春归为低钾土壤,标记为Low-K。试验共设6个处理,分别为：（1）CK（-K）;（2）+K;（3）+S;（4）S+1/3K;（5）S+2/3K;（6）S+K,其中K和S分别表示钾肥和还田秸秆,以此来考查当前推荐钾肥用量（K2O 75 kg•hm-2）对水稻的增产效果以及轮作模式下麦秆或油菜秸秆还田钾素对钾肥的替代作用。【结果】结果显示CK处理（-K）,高钾、中钾和低钾土壤的稻谷产量分别为8 372、8 710和7 767 kg•hm-2,施钾和秸秆还田均可以不同程度地增加水稻产量和地上部钾素累积量。与CK相比,高钾、中钾和低钾土壤均以秸秆还田配施钾肥处理的增产效果最显著,增产量分别为633、1 098和814 kg•hm-2,增幅分别为7.7%、12.6%和12.5%;地上部钾素累积吸收增量分别为40.2、56.5和49.3 kg•hm-2,增幅分别为15.9%、21.3%和36.8%。在当前推荐钾肥用量条件下,秸秆还田会造成高钾土壤的钾肥吸收利用率下降,但可明显提高中钾和低钾土壤的钾肥吸收利用率;同时秸秆还田也会显著降低高钾土壤的钾肥农学利用率,但对中钾和低钾土壤的钾肥农学利用率没有明显影响。同钾肥利用率相比,钾素利用率均有所降低,但中钾土壤和低钾土壤的钾素利用率要显著高于高钾土壤的钾素利用率。通过对秸秆还田条件下钾肥用量与增产率、地上部钾素累积增幅的相关性分析得出高钾土壤和中钾土壤的推荐钾肥用量偏高。根据线性加平台肥效模型拟合得出,在秸秆还田条件下,高钾土壤田块（速效钾含量＞150 mg•kg-1）适宜钾肥用量平均为38.2 kg•hm-2,比推荐用量减少49.1%;中钾土壤田块（速效钾含量100-150 mg•kg-1）适宜钾肥用量平均为60.0 kg•hm-2,比推荐用量减少20.0%;而低钾土壤田块（速效钾含量＜100 mg•kg-1）,增产效果显著,推荐钾肥用量不足。【结论】因此,短期秸秆还田条件下,高钾和中钾土壤田块,秸秆还田钾素可不同程度地替代部分化学钾肥施用;而低钾供应田块推荐用量略显不足,增施钾肥仍有较大的增产空间。     

稻草还田对免耕水稻根系生长及空间分布的影响

研究了稻草还田对免耕抛秧水稻立苗期根系生长及成熟期根系空间分布的影响。结果表明,稻草还田显著或极显著提高了立苗期免耕水稻根冠比、单株根生物量、总根数、白根数、单条根长、根毛区长、一次分枝、二次分枝根数量、根系活力和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,对根系的伸长、生长起到明显的促进作用。稻草还田明显提高了水稻产量及免耕抛秧水稻0~10cm土层根系干重和根系体积,6t/hm²稻草还田量比对照0~10cm土层根系干重和根系体积分别高29.85%、41.62%,产量提高11.18%,差异均达显著水平。     

尼罗罗非鱼Smoothened的鉴定、表达模式及在精巢中的作用

为探究Smoothened (Smo)信号在精巢不同细胞增殖与存活中的作用,实验分离鉴定了尼罗罗非鱼smo (命名为Onsmo),检测了其在不同组织中的表达分布及在精巢中的细胞表达模式,在尼罗罗非鱼精巢组织的体外培养体系中,用Smo特异性激动剂SAG或抑制剂环巴胺分别进行处理,EdU掺入法及TUNEL法检测了处理后生殖细胞(Vasa⁺)、Sertoli细胞(Amh⁺)与Leydig细胞(Cyp17a1⁺)增殖或凋亡情况。结果显示,Onsmo开放阅读框全长2 478 bp,编码825个氨基酸,含有7次跨膜结构域,与人SMO氨基酸一致性达77%;Onsmo表达于包括精巢在内的多个组织;在精巢中,Onsmo在多种不同类型细胞表达,包括精原细胞、精母细胞、Sertoli细胞以及Leydig细胞;在精巢组织的体外培养体系中,SAG处理对精原细胞增殖具有显著促进作用,而环巴胺处理对Sertoli细胞、Leydig细胞凋亡具有显著促进作用。研究表明,On Smo信号在尼罗罗非鱼精巢精原细胞增殖与体细胞存活中具有重要作用。该研究首次证实...     

秸秆还田与氮肥配施对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨长期玉米秸秆还田与氮肥配施对辽西风沙半干旱区春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站利用长期定位试验,设置了4个秸秆还田量水平(0,3 000 kg·hm~(-2),6 000 kg·hm~(-2),9 000 kg·hm~(-2))与两个施氮肥水平(210 kg·hm~(-2),420 kg·hm~(-2)),共8个处理。结果表明,连续秸秆还田与氮肥配施可以显著增加玉米的群体生物产量(P0.05)和经济产量(P0.05),2013年(平水年)和2014年(枯水年)的产量均为C3N1处理最高,分别为14 719.95 kg·hm~(-2)和12 397.95 kg·hm~(-2),大小顺序为C3N1C3N2C2N1C2N2C1N2C1N1C0N2C0N1;秸秆还田可以充分利用作物生育期降水,提高降水利用效率和作物水分利用效率,2 a的研究结果显示,C3N1处理的水分利用效率最高,在生物产量和子粒产量水分利用效率方面,2013年与2014年分别比最低的C0N1处理高26.83%、43.15%和44.64%、70.55%,两年平均水分利用效率的大小顺序与生物产量相同。综合分析认为,秸秆量9 000 kg·hm~(-2)、氮肥量210 kg·hm~(-2)是提高该区域类型土地生产力和农田水分利用效率的较优方案。     

Optimizing nitrogen management strategy under wheat straw incorporation for higher rice production and nitrogen use efficiency

Nitrogen (N) application plays an important role in rice production. Limited attention has already been paid to optimizing N fertilizer management strategy for higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of rice with crop residue incorporation. Field experiments were conducted with the objective to determine the response of several N application methods to rice production and to evaluate their NUE. Three N fertilizer application methods, i.e., local farmers' N fertilizer practice (FNP), modified farmers' N fertilizer practice (MNP), and increased the amount of N fertilizer practice (INP), were adopted with zero N application as control (CK). The results showed that, compared with that under FNP, grain yield was significantly higher under MFP, owing to signficantly enhanced total spikelets as a result of more panicles per unit area. Relative to FNP, MNP markedly increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency (AE_N), nitrogen recovery efficiency (RE_N), nitrogen physiological efficiency (PE_N) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP_N), but AE_N, PE_N and PFP_N of INP were significantly lower. Further analysis showed that the number of tiller, leaf area index, aboveground biomass, SPAD value, plant N content and N uptake at the early vegetative stage were improved significantly under MNP compared to those under FNP, contributing to higher total aboveground biomass and total N uptake.     

Effects of dietary incorporation of potato protein concentrate and supplementation of methionine on growth and feed utilization of rainbow trout

Four diets (1, 2, 3 and 4) were formulated to contain different potato protein concentrate (PPC) levels (0, 22, 56, and 111 g kg⁻¹). Diet 5 contained 56 g kg⁻¹ PPC and 17 g kg⁻¹ methionine. A growth trial was conducted to investigate the effect on growth and feed utilization of incorporation of PPC and supplementation of methionine in the diet of rainbow trout. When the proportion of PPC exceeded 56 g kg⁻¹ the growth of fish decreased while both growth and feed utilization decreased when the dietary PPC was 111 g kg⁻¹. Protein productive value and condition factor of the fish decreased and mortality increased with the increase in the proportion of dietary PPC.     

Burial rates of surrogate seeds in arable fields

The probability of seed consumption by surface-dwelling predators depends on the duration of seed exposure on the soil surface. We investigated seed burial using painted ceramic beads as surrogate seeds. Fifty beads of three size classes each were applied to small arenas within crop fields and their fates were followed from August to October. New sets of beads were applied as soon as most beads had disappeared from the soil surface. Bead availability on the soil surface declined immediately after placement, and then declined steadily over time, with increased loss during rain and management practices. Smaller beads were incorporated into the soil/litter matrix more easily than larger beads. Bead burial differed considerably among crop environments, with more burial in forage crops (red clover, lucerne) than in row crops (soyabean, maize). The fact that seed availability differed among crop environments suggests that it can be manipulated to maximise predation risk.     

Do same-aged but different height Norway spruce (Picea abies) clones affect soil microbial community?

The influence of individual trees in monocrop forests on soil microbial communities is poorly understood. We measured basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), bacterial growth rate with the ³H-thymidine incorporation technique and fungal growth rate as ¹⁴C-acetate incorporation into ergosterol to investigate whether slow- and fast-growing 12-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies) clones have affected differently on their associated soil microbial communities. Understorey vegetation, soil chemical properties and elemental concentrations of needles were also determined. The slow- and fast-growing spruce clones differed in PLFA profiles, understorey vegetation and elemental concentrations in needles suggesting that spruce clones have directly or indirectly affected soil microbes.